![]() ![]() The United States Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), the law that gives United States EPA its authority to regulate pesticides, includes certain synergists in its definition of a “pesticide” and is thus subject to the same approval and registration as products that kill pests, like the insecticides with which PBO is formulated. PBO is regulated in the United States and some other countries as a pesticide, even though PBO does not have this property. Other synergists for pyrethroid insecticides include Sesamex and "Sulfoxide" (not to be confused with the functional group). PBO is found to be an efficacious, low-potency, neutral antagonist of G-protein-coupled CB1 receptors. PBO does not appear to have a significant effect on the MFO system in humans. An important consequence of this property is that, by enhancing the activity of a given insecticide, less may be used to achieve the same result. The MFO system is the primary route of detoxification in insects, and causes the oxidative breakdown of insecticides such as pyrethrins and the synthetic pyrethroids – thus when PBO is added, higher insecticide levels remain in the insect to exercise their lethal effect. PBO acts as an insecticide synergist by inhibiting the natural defense mechanisms of the insect, the most important of which is the mixed-function oxidase system, (MFOs) also known as the cytochrome P-450 system. ![]() Because of its limited, if any, insecticidal properties, PBO is never used alone. space sprays, surface sprays and bed nets). PBO has an important public health role as a synergist used in pyrethrins and pyrethroid formulations used for mosquito control (e.g. A wide variety of water-based PBO-containing products such as crack and crevice sprays, total release foggers, and flying insect sprays are produced for and sold to consumers for home use. It is used extensively as an ingredient with insecticides to control insect pests in and around the home, in food-handling establishments such as restaurants, and for human and veterinary applications against ectoparasites (head lice, ticks, fleas). The application rates are low the highest single rate is 0.5 lbs PBO/acre. It is approved for pre- and postharvest application to a wide variety of crops and commodities, including grain, fruits and vegetables. Appearing in over 1,500 United States EPA-registered products, PBO is one of the most commonly registered synergists as measured by the number of formulas in which it is present. PBO is mainly used in combination with insecticides, such as natural pyrethrins or synthetic pyrethroids, in ratios (PBO: pyrethrins) ranging from 3:1 to 20:1. PBO was first registered in the United States in the 1950s. PBO was first patented in 1947 in the US by Herman Wachs. Although exhibiting little intrinsic insecticidal activity of its own, PBO increases the effectiveness of pyrethrins, thus is called a synergist. Pyrethrum is a type of potent insecticide that kills mosquitoes and other disease-carrying vectors, thereby providing public health benefits, such as preventing malaria. PBO was developed in the late 1930s and early 1940s to enhance the performance of the naturally derived insecticide pyrethrum. It is a semisynthetic derivative of safrole. That is, despite having no pesticidal activity of its own, it enhances the potency of certain pesticides such as carbamates, pyrethrins, pyrethroids, and rotenone. Piperonyl butoxide ( PBO) is a pale yellow to light brown liquid organic compound used as a synergist component of pesticide formulations. ![]()
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